Process for producing diolefins



Feb. 1.2', 1946. `M. P. MATuszAK Patented Feb. l2, Y I e e l UNITED srmlas PA'rsNno-sslcs Man-nur. Mailman, Bartlesville, ons., signor to Phillips Petroleum Company, a co ration of Delaware L vXhwlication September 11, 1941, Serial No. 410,479 s (ci. 26o-eso) This'invention relates to a .process for produci, `catalyst. Below. this temperature range, the dem@ dielens and more, Particularly t the DIO- hydrogenation proceeds to a negligible or unduetien 0f dolefms from Prafns by catalytl profitable extent. Above this temperature range, eehydrogenation- This lllicmfwn 1S a 001115111- -the dehydrogenation is masked or overwhelmed nation-in'part of my copendlng' application, 5 byvreactions .resulting in undevired buypr0duc`ts Y Serial N0. 354,132, illed August 24, 1940. Patent and in excessive deposition of carbon uponjthe v No. 2,378,65lrissuedl June 19, 1945. catalyst, l

Extensive experimentation in the ileld of 'cata- Although they determining factors or limitalytic. dehydrogenation has demonstrated that detions of deriydrogenation'oi hydrocarbons exist, hydfogenat'ion 0f hydrocarbons 'is Subject t0' a 1 the three mentioned are probably the most imnumber of determining factors or limitations.' portant insofar as prodcmon of diulenns is con.. Noteworthy among these is the thermodynamic cemed These nmltatims are atm-guy somelimit 0f the extent t0, Whlh the dehvdwenwhat interdependent', and the denydrogenation tion can occur under any particular set of re-A of any pamwlar hydmcarbgn presents a specific actionconditions, for the dehydrogenation can l5 problem m the solution 'of ,which these limitanot proceed beyond the maximum possible at tions must be considered bth severally and equilibrium. As the equilibrium is influenced by j i uy in order that optimum coditlgng 0f dethe reaction conditions, the extent of dehydroho gm mationm-a be selected genati'on is somewhat controllable by selection yThee nous immmons perate strongly of the reaction conditions. In general, as is well '20 against Bmge sta`ge dehydrogenation f parafiins known, the extent o! dehydrogenation at equit di l uns Altho h some production of 1 ln'ibziumdisbincrleasedI byian increase intemperaetienne; gy single staggdehydrogenation of parafure an y a ecrease npressure. IHowever, in f practice, these well-known expedients may be oi 'rms is possible the catalyst must be so active' relatively little valuebecause yof the operation of the temperature Se elevated' and the rete of ive formationl of other factors, which may prevent the establishthroughput so 10W that exss ment of an equilibrium or prevent'the close ap`` cracking byproducts dfgairbn igcg proach of `equilibrium conditions\irom one.`di rendering'the process e cen an past u' rectum or another. I i Because of these limitations, in the I!k 91'0- time Another noteworthy limitation of dehin'lroen-` 3e duct-ion of dmlenns from Paramus by ation of hydrocarbons is that' imposed by the 1 dehydrogenation has been usually by. he iommultaneous occurrence of side reactions. Among mg'mumpneity of Steps' .the para eredi th y these side reactions are polymerization andv convertedtothe corresponding oleilns an o ,er cracking or 5pm-,ting of carbomtcarbon bondit products in a ilrst step; the resulting oleilns are Craclging is undesirable because it produces a isolated or concentrated m le' second seep' the loss of reactant material to relatively light hyisolated o1e.fins are partly dehydregene'eed '5e-d1 drocarbons and to carbon or coke that isl deposelem m a third Stel muy t a Partial Well',v ited on the catalyst, whereby the-catalyst is de y, sure of a fraction of an atmosphere that is obactivated and must be subjected to reviviiication.. tained either by @Wannsee \e sibeemphee Polymerization is undesirable in'4 part' for gub- 40 pressure or by diluting the olenns with an inert stantially the same reason, for it produces rela.. diluent such as` nitrogen or steam; and-the retively heavy hydrocarbons that have arcomparasulting dioletlns are separated or concentrated in tively high susceptibility to cracking; m addi.. a fourth step. In the second of. these four steps. doma produces ajioss of reactantmateriai to the 01811118 are freed 1 substantially completely undesired heavy hydrocarbons, As these renc. from vtree hydrogen, as the presence of free hyl tions are undergone relatively easily by dimm drogen in the next or third step. in" which dethey. constitute a factor of considerable impurhydrogenationto dioleilns is eiiected,is generally o tance lin the practical-production of dioletins by considered ndeslrble 0n thermodynmm catalytic dehydrogenation. grounds. Because this oleiin isolation step must sun another noteworthy limitation is that im'- '50 be senerelly effected at MMIV 10W www* posed by the properties of known dehydrogena; ture, whereas each o! the contiguous stell! re@- tion catalysts. These properties, whichmay vary quites a bllhly elevited mmm 'the widely :er different catalysis, effectively .limit snee or um step in um process ents!!! wat the use of any particular catalyst to a fairly detexpense for coolin and heati'nl inite temperature ranse characteristic of the e One object oithls invention le to eatu.-l

fins from paraflins.

lytic dehydrogenation of more saturated hydrowill be apparent to those skilled in the art of catalytic, dehydrogenation `of hydrocarbons from the accompanying disclosure anddiscussion.

The present invention is characterized by an advantageous combination of catalytic materials and dehydrogenation conditions wherewith efll.- cient production of diolefns from parains is effected without excessive formation of carbon and ate step for concentrationof olefins and removal of free hydrogen. In one specific embodiment,

the present invention comprises production of dioleins from paraillns by subjecting the parafns at a relatively low dehydrogenation temperature to the action of a highly active dehydrogenation catalyst, preferably of the type of those that comprise black chromium oxide, and then subjecting the. resulting mixture at a relatively high dehydrogenation temperature to the action of a dehydrogenation catalyst, preferably of the type of those that comprise green chromic oxide and that are freefrorn -black chromium oxide, which has a minimum activity for promoting cracking and/or polymerization reactions.

The accompanying drawing is a schematic flow diagram for one preferred mode of procedure for this specific embodiment of the invention, which may be described in detail. i

A paraiiin feed stock comprising one or more parafilns capable of being dehydrogenated to diolefins, preferably parafiins with four to five carbon atoms per molecule, enters -the system by inlet ii `having valve l2. To it may bel added recycled paraiiins and oleflns as hereinafter detailed. It is heated somewhat in heat exchanger I3 and then further to an elevated temperature in coil I4, which is heated by heater i5.` This cracking by-products and Without an intermedioxidel obtainedy by non-spontaneous thermal decomposition o f chromium compounds, such as hydrated chromic oxide, ammonium-containing salts of chromic acid, and the like. Nonspontaneous thermal decomposition is ,effected with out`the occurrence of a spontaneous glowing or incandescence, which betokens a transition of the dark, unglow'ed chromium oxide into the relatively inactive, glowed green chromic oxide. The dark or ,-unglowed chromium oxide may be intimately associated with a diicultly reducible y oxide, as in gels'prepared by dehydration of 'an intimate mixture of chromium hydroxide with one or more of thev-hydrous oxides of such elements as aluminum, zirconium, magnesium, thorium, silicon, titanium, boron. andthe' like. In such` mixed-oxide catalysts, the proportions of black chromium oxide and of the other oxide or oxides may vary, but usually an equimolecular amount of the chromium oxide and of one dithcultly reducible oxide is to be prefered, although in some cases as little as about 5% of chromium oxide may be present. and in other'casesAc-hromium oxide associated .with as little as about 5% of another oxide, such as alumina, will 'have advantageous properties.

The reaction conditions in dehydrogenator il may vary considerably. The pressure may be as high as several atmospheres, but it is preferably about one atmosphere. The temperature may be between about 750 4and 1000 F.; a temperature range of 850 to 950 F. is preferred, as in it the catalyst effects dehydrogenation to the best ad vantage, without excessive formation of cracking y, I

by-products and'carbon. The space velocity may be about 500 to 3000 volumes of gaseous hydrocarbon (at room temperature) per volume of catalyst per hour; a space velocity of\1500 to 2500 volumes per volume per hour is preferred. In general, the conditions may be advantageously'so selected that from 15 -to 30 per cent of the parailing react, forming principally the corresponding ole'ns,.and such that aminimum of reactions involving scission of carbon to carbon" bonds ocelevated temperature sometimes may be as high as about 1100 F., but it should not lbe so high that extensive non-catalytic dehydrogenation or. cracking occurs. Minor amounts of ole'ns may .be present vin such a feed stock, anddiluents may,

in somecases, alsoV be included. Such diluents include nitrogen, fluegas, steam, free hydrogen,

\ tion of paraiilns to olens is effected vwithout sub-,

stantial formation of' dioleilns or other com? .pounds vthat tend to undergo polymerization and/ or cracking at the prevailing temperature. For this low-temperature dehydrogenation, the

curs. f

The conditions selected naturally influence the exact composition of the material eiiluent from dehydrogenator I1; by wayf illustratibn, in the dehydrogenation of normal butane in the preferred temperature range \of,850 tov 950 F., the compositionof the eiluent material may be within the following approximate limits, in perfcent by gas volume:

When recycling is'pr'acticed, the composition of 4 the eiiluent is 'somewhat improved in that a relacatalyst should be capable of )effecting a conver- -Y sion of atleast 15 .per centv of a dehydrogenatable .parailln having four or've carbon atoms per f molecule to the corresponding olenor olefins 4 at apressure of one atmosphere. at a tempera- .ture of 850 F., and at a spacel velocity of at least 1000 lvolumes of gaseous hydrocarbon (at room v y temperature)l r`.per volume of catalyst per hour.v

\ The most advantageous catalysts of this type arethose comprising dark green or black chromium tively'higher content vof olens is established; howeven-for best` results in .a subsequent dehydrogenation step, winch is to be described directly, th'e concentration of olens inthe material charged to this second stepshould not exceed about 40 mol per cent, and it preferablyl should be between 20 and 30 mol per cent.

iiiuent material from dehydrogenator Il is directly passed to a second dehydrogenation without\an intermediate step -for the separation Thus, anvunseparated portion proceeds by conof one or moreconstituents from the others.

ascadas" l heater 20. This second elevated temperature is iiowediagram-by dehydrogenator 22. It may be preferably high enoughto becapable of eifectins prepared in an exceedingly voluminous and sursome thermal decomposition of the paramns, but. vface-rich form by heating an ammonium chromore than slightsthermal decomposition of parmate to its spontaneous decomposition temperaafilns is avoided by sufiiciently lrapid passage of\ l' ture, at'whichv the ammonium chromate decomthe heated material through conduit 2i into cata-A poses .with explosive violence. Ammonium ohralytic dehydrogenator -22; at times the temperamate, ammonium dichromate, or ammonium triture may be as high as about 1300 F., but usually f 4chromate may beused toprepare the catalyst in itis preferably about 1200` F. this manner. However, green chromic oxide pre- In dehydrogenator 22,LH the heated material, pared in-this manner suifersfrom a lackofmewhich comprises paramos, bleilns, hydrogen, and chanical strfength, so that the initial tea-leafby-product hydrocarbons, is subjected to a highlike aggrega s become readily disintegrated into 'temperature catalytic dehydrogenation that is anim'palpable powder throughhandling. Hence,

Vequivalent to dehydrogenation of up to about a ,the green chromic oxide should be'tlrst briquetted thirdof the oleiins to dioleflns. This dehydrol5 into relativelyscompact particles or granules. genation must be made at a temperature con` suitably granular catalysts may be also obtained siderably higher Athan thatprevailing in dehydroby heating granular catalysts vcomprising black genator I1 .in order to,fav'or the formation of chromium oxide under conditions thateifect subdioleilns from the oleilns and to discourage the stantially complete conversion of the black chro- Y formation of polymers, which would result in a -mium oxide to green chromic oxide without exconsiderable loss ofydioleilns to cracking by- Icessive disruption of the original granules.'

products and carbon. The temperature should be l Catalysts that through long-continued use and in the range o f about 1050 to 1300" F., and preferrepeated 'rivivication under drastic conditions ably in the range of 1100 to 1200 F., in which best of temperature and rate of`reviviiication become results appear to be obtainable. too weak for advantageous service in the iirst Because of thehigh temperature vessential for or low-temperature dehydrogenation stepmay' be practical yields of diolefins, the catalyst in deadvantageously .converted in this manner into hydrogenator 22 must be mucl' less active, especatalysts suitable for thesecond or high-temperacially as regards promotion of polymerization and ture dehydrogenation step.

splitting of carbon to carbon bonds at such high Gel-type catalysts comprising one or more other l temperature, than that in dehydrogenator I1.` metallic oxides as well as black chromium oxide In consequence, it preferably should be substanj may be made suitable for use in the high-temtially` completely free from black chromium perature dehydrogenation by converting the blackI oxide, which is so active at the temperature prechromium oxide to green ychr'omictoxide.- Bre'- vailing in dehydrogenator 22 that it becomes 35 ferred metallic-oxide constituents of such conquiokly deactivated by deposition of carbon. lvverted' gel-typel catalysts are di cultly reducible .Among suitable catalysts are granular alumina Oxides, such as the oxides of alum num.zirconium, an/d dehydrated bauxite. y'I'hese catalysts are titanium, silicon, thorium, boron', and magneeappreciably improved by the addition of 'metallic slum. Some readily reducible 'metallic oxides,

oxides that themselves possess some catalytic aco suchV as those of thal1ium,'bismuth, lead, and

tivity for dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons, such mercury. may also be present in minor proporas 'the oxides of zirconium, vanadium, molybtions in the gel-type catalyst. The metallic oxides dehum, uranium, tungsten, zinc, and the like. are-l preferably incorporated into ,the gel-type An especially efficacious and advantageous catalyst'while mth they und the Chromium Oxide catalytic ingredient for use in the high-tempera-- 4s yare in a highly hydrous oonditiom. as by coproture dehydrogenation 1s greenehromio oxide or cipitation from a suitable aqueous solution. prefchromium sesuuioxide, which may be formed by erably of the nitrates, onby, mixing together the thermal decomposition of many chromium com-w severallyprecipitated hydrous oxides; preferably pounds. Ii'orr example, this oxide may beincorwhile the precipitated hydrous oxides are still porated inan alumina or a bauxite catalyst by fresh and imaged.'v impregnating the catalyst with a solution of a The conversion of dark or black,unglowedhro soluble chromium compound 'and then igniting mium oxide, byitself or associated with one or theyrevsulting impregnated catalyst to convert the more other metallic oxides, into green chromic chromium compound to chromium sesquioxi'de. oxide is usually readily effected by heating`to a For use in this mannen-.chromic acid and chrotemperature of the orderi of 1500 F. For some mium salts of brganic acids, such as formic acid, preparations, the temperature of transition from acetic acid, and the like are preferredj because the dark unglowed chromium oxide'into the green s of their relatively low decomposition,tempera.-v lchromic oxide-may be 'much below-"1500v F..

ture; but other salts, such'as the nitrate, may be perhaps even below 1100 F.: for others; a temused. Alternativelyi chromlc hydroxide, may be ,go lperature above 1500* F. may be required: The precipitated from an aqueous solution ronto 'the heating of a preparation to convertfunglowed alumina or the bafuxite by an, alkaline precipitant, chromium oxide into green ohromic' oxideprefersuchasammonia 6r .an alkalihydroxide or carably should be ei'fected relatively slowly, to avoid bonate, and then thevresulting mixture may `be excessive `disruption-oi! the granules by escaping ignited to' convert the chromic hydroxide into tisv moisture and/or oxygen. Duringtheftransition. green chromic oxide, the glowing phenomenon f, the chemical composition of the chromium oxide taking place. If desired, porous 'carriers such as app/ears to change from that representable by the silica gel, kieselguhr, charcoal, and the like may formulaCrOo to that represented by CrnOa.

l be used 'instead of alumina or bauxite, but alumina Thecatalyst used forthe vsecond lor hightemand bauxite appear tobe superior to such carriers 7o peratur'e\dehydrogenation `step advantaf `ousiyfor use with green chrom'ic oxide. y y l Green chromic oxide or chromium sesquioxide l tallio oompound'that onbeingheated to an ele- ,may be improved by -impregnating' it with a me:

by itself constitutes an advantageous catalyst`- vated temperature yields a-nonvolatile re due' t for use in the second thigh-temperature dehya containing `an element selected from #the a ali drogenation step, such as that represented in the i6 andthe alkaline earth metals. The amount of the nonvolatile residue may vary from a trace .to

about '6 per cent of the original. catalyst; a ,pre-

- exchangers, catalyst chambers, Eetc., known to ferred amount is between 0.2 and 2 per cent.

` Such impregnating material comprising one or more of the alkali or alkaline earth metals is beneficial by modifying the catalyst so that the catalyst has ya decreased tendency to cause polymerization and to undergo deactivation. ,In consequence of this ei'ect', the temperature of the second dehydrogenation step advantageously may be somewhat increased, thereby increasing the rate and/or the extent of dehydrogenation, and also favoring the production of dioleiins. I

From dehydrogenator 22, the reaction mixture is passed by conduit 23 toxheat exchanger I3, in which it loses much of its heat'to the incoming stream of paraffins that enters the system by inlet II. From the heat exchanger, the reaction mixture -is forced, as by compressor 23, through conduit 25 having valve 26, into fractionator 2l. In this fractionator the mixture is freed from relatively low-boiling by-products of v the ,dehydrogenatiom Hydrogen, usually accompanied by some of the light hydrocarbons having fewer carbon atoms than the paraiins entering the system by inlet II, is Withdrawn from fractionator 2l by outlet 20 having valve 29. The light hydrocarbons not withdrawn with the hye drogen may be withdrawn as one or more separate fractions, as by outlet having valve 3i however, these light hydrocarbons are preferably recycled, vat least in part,as by conduit 32 having valve 33 to coil I9 and thence to dehydrogenator 22, since the light paraiiins act as diluents and the light oleilns act as hydrogen acceptors, wherebyl these light hydrocarbons advantageously promote the dehydrogenation to diolens.

The reaction` mixture, after being freed from* relatively low-boiling by'products of the dehydrogenation, is passed by conduit 34 `having valve 35 into separator 38, in which the diolelns are separated or concentrated. These diolefins are then withdrawn-,through outlet 31 having valve 38 as a' productof the process. The other hydrocarbons may be withdrawn partly or totally from the system, as through outlet 39 having valve 40; vbut they are preferably recycled through conduit 4I to one or both ofthe two dehydrogenation ieps, in proportions controlled by valves 42 and those skilled in the art. The general iiow oi materials, operating conditions oi' the major and essential steps, lmaterials to be used and treated, products to be desired, and effects of Varying operating conditions have been disclosed and discussed in a mannento be effective and sufficient guides vfor one skilled in the art. In the light of this 4disclosure and discussion, specific optimum conditions and equipment in connection with any particular modication or practice of my invention may be readily ascertained and supplied.

The step represented schematically by separator 36 may comprise any of a number of known dioleiin-concentrating steps. For example, it may involve concentration by absorption with suitable` solvents and/or reagents that preferentially combine with the dioleiin and that may be vmade to In some instances a'. hydrocarbonecontaining mixture similar in composition to that produced in the rst dehydrogenation step, vor similar -in composition to the mixture resulting from adding to such product a recycle -stream from conduit 32,

. may be available-trama source outside the process. In such a case this material may be introduced to the process through conduit 50 controlled by a valve 5I, and through preheater 52 and conduit 53 to conduits 32 and I8. In Aother instances such a charge may be the sole charge to the process, in which case the dehydrogenation step involving dehydrogenator I1 will operate, in the manner disclosed, onlyon material recycled through conduit 4I and valve 42; Such amaterial charged through conduit 50 may be a,C4 and lighter fraction from a cracking still which has a low or negligible iso-Ci-content.

. f It is to be understood that the drawing is schematic only'and that the practice of my invention will include many pieces oi' conventional equipment` not shown or referred to in detail. Such equipment will include heaters, coolers, absorbers, strippers, fractional distillation columns and associated equipment', pumps, compressors, heat-A liberate the diolefin by-such simple means as heating, evacuation, or the like. A sometimes. advantageous separation step comprises adsorption of the diolefin with a highly active and selective adsorbent such as dehydrated chromium oxide gel, from which the absorbed diolei-ln may be recovered by heating, steam distillation, evacu ation, or the' like.

By the practice of the present invention, a paraiiin capable of being dehydrogenatedto one or more diolei'lns, is first catalytically dehydrogenated to the corresponding olefin, at a temperature too low to produce a concentration of dioleiins capable of deactivating the catalyst at an excessive rate by polymerizing and cracking; then the resulting olefin, advantageously diluted. by

the unreacted parain and the by-products of the rst dehydrogenation step, is catalytically dehydrogenated to the diolen by a relatively less active and lessreadily ,deactivated catalyst at a temperature too high for excessive polymerization. By this procedure, a desirable extent of conversion of the initial parailin to diolen prodducts is obtained without excessive destruction to cracking by-products and carbon and without the expense of an intermediate step for .theconcentration of the olen and/or for. the removal of hydrogen. v i) Example I at a somewhat lower space Avelocity of about 800 to 1200 with a-granu'lar catalyst consisting predominantly of green chromic oxide at a tempera.- ture of about 1100 to 1200 F. Hydrogen and light hydrocarbons are removed by fractional distillation, and butadiene is recovered from the resulting residue in good yield by absorption with a cuprous salt, followed by heating to break up the resulting butadiene-cuprous saltcomplex. The v'yield is appreciably increased by recycling the unreacted butane and butenes; it is also appreciably increased by recycling light hydroca'rbons to the second dehydrogenation step.

Example II K Isopentane is treated in substantially the same manner as the ynormal butane of Example I, except that the catalyst in the iirst ,dehydrogena-- vtion step is a gel consisting of equi'molecular amounts o'i intimately associated alumina and black chromium oxide and the catalyst in the second dehydrogenation step is granular alumina impregnated with green chromic oxide to the extent of about per cent by weight. Isoprene,

mixed with a minor proportion of piperylene,`i

obtained in good yield..

v Example III Normal pentane is'treated in substantially the same manner as the normal butane of Example I, except that the catalyst in the first dehydrogenation step is a gel consisting of yequimolecular amounts vof coprecipitated zirconia and black chromium oxide and the catalyst in the second dehydrogena'tion step is bauxite impregnated with about 0.5 percent by weight -of potassium chromate. Piperylene, mixed with a minor proportion of isoprene, is obtained in good yield.

Because the invention maybe practiced otherwise than as specifically described or illustrated, and because many modifications andvariations within the spirit and scope of it will be obvious to those skilled in the art of catalytic dehydrogenaton, the invention should not be unduly restricted by the foregoing description and illus-v trative examples,

What is claimed is:

-1. A process for the manufacture of a conjugated diolen of not more than five carbon atoms per molecule from the corresponding parain which comprises passing the paraffin into contact with an active chromium oxide dehydrogenation catalyst under conditions such that dehydrogenation of the paraffin to the corresponding olefin is the principal reaction, passing the total eiliuent of the first dehydrogenation step into contact with a chromium oxide catalyst haying lower catalytic activity than that ofthe rst mentioned dehydrogenation catalyst under conldrogen'ation step in admixture with the effli.-

of the rst dehydrogenation step.

3. 'A process for the manufacture of butadiene i from butane which comprises passing butane to a first catalytic dehydrogenation zone into contact with an active chromium oxide dehydrogenation catalyst at a temperature within the range of 850 to 950 F. under dehydrogenaltingl conditions such that' dehydrogenation of butane to ,butenes is the principal reaction which takes place, passing'the total effluent of said first dehy-' a drogenation to a second catalytic dehydrogenal effluent of said rst dehydrogenation; and recovering from the eiiluent of said seconddehydrogenation a. fraction containing the butadiene so produced. I

4. In a Aprocess jugated dioleflns of four to five carbon. atoms per molecule .from the corresponding paraffin in which said par..iiin is dehydrogenated to 'corresponding olens in a rst .the presence of a chromium pxicletion catalyst and in which said corresponding nsare dehydrogenated to the diolen in a second dehydrogenation step in dehydrogenaoledehydrogenation step in the presence of a chromium oxide catalyst less active than that of the first step, the improvement which comprises additions such that dehydrogenation of butenes to l butadiene is the principal reaction; separating from the eliiuent of the second dehydrogenation step a recycle stream comprising parailins and` olens having fewer `ca rbon atoms per molecule than said corresponding oleiins, vand. recycling said stream to the second dehydrogenation step in'admixture with the effluent of the first dehydrogenation step.

2. A process for the manufacture of conjugated l diolenns of four to ve carbon atoms per molecule from the corresponding paraffin which comprises passing the parailn at a temperature in the range-ef 85o to 950 F. intocontact with a ge1 catalyst consisting of approximately equimolecular amounts of 4alumina and dark unglowed chromium oxide effecting dehydrogenation of the paramn to the corresponding olen as the principal reaction, passing the total eluent of the first dehydrogenation step at a temperature inthe range of 11001200 F. into contact with a catalyst consisting of granularalumina impregnated with about 15l percent by weight yof green chromic oxide eectlng dehydrogenatlon of said corresponding olen to the dioleiin as the principal reaction, separating from the eiliuent of the second dehydrogenation step a recycle stream comprising parafllns and oleiins having fewer carbon fewer carbon atoms 'mixing with the total eilluent from the first dehyparaiiins and oleflns having than said corresponding parain to such extent thatthe concentration of said corresponding olefin in the resulting mixture is drogenation step between 20 and 30 mol percent, and passing the A.

resulting mixtureto the second dehydrogenation step as thercharge therefor. u

'5; A process for the manufacture of butadiene from butane which comprises passing the butane intol contact with a vchromium oxide dehydro- 'genation catalyst comprising -dark unglowed chromium oxide in a under conditions such that dehydrogenation of butane to butenes is the principal reaction whereupon the activity of the catalyst is gradually drogenation of butenesto .butadiene cycling tion step in admixture with the emu'ent from the atoms per molecule than said corresponding ole- "I0 fins, and recycling said stream the second dehyreduced, passing the total eiiluent of the dehydrogenation step and comprising green chromic oxide under conditions such that dehyis the principal reaction. said dehydrogenation catalyst in said second dehydrogenation step consisting nof catalytic material previously. used in said first dehydrogenation step, separating from the emuentof the second dehydrogenation step a recycle stream comprising paraiiins and oleilns having two to three carbon atoms per molecule, andresaid stream to the second dehydrogenailrst dehydrogenation step.

MAaYAN P. m'rUszAK.

for the manufacture of cony first dehydrogenati'on ste ftlrst de' hydrogenation step into contact with a chromiunru oxide catalyst less active than that V'of the rst- 

